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PREFACE:

Bridges consist of super- and substructures. Superstructures, often called bridge  deck  structures,  are  traditionally  analyzed  by  the  deck  itself  for load-distribution behavior. With the invention of computers and the creation  of  bridge-related  software,  the  approximation  can  be  minimized and tedious processes can be streamlined. It is now possible to change the structural  parameters,  even  structural  types,  during  the  design  process, because the computer program can now recalculate stresses, deflections, and internal forces in seconds. 

Through the advances in computer graphic capabilities, meshing in the preprocess and contour displaying on the fly in the postprocess are the norms of almost all bridge analysis and design computer programs. With today’s power of both hardware and software, more sophisticated three-dimensional (3D) finite element models have been used in the design of many major structures, in part or all.

Based on current availability  and  future  potential,  high-performance  computer  hardware and  advanced  software  technologies  can  even  provide  an  unprecedented opportunity to develop a new generation of integrated analysis and design systems with roads and bridges to benefit not only new bridge design but also routine load rating and maintenance of existing bridges, which will be discussed more in Chapters 1 and 18.

 However, no matter where the computer technology leads, a bridge engineer needs fundamental knowledge of bridge behavior under the combinations of different types of loads during various construction stages.

 This book serves the role of transferring the fundamental knowledge of bridges to a novel approach of all major bridge types. Several computer programs were used to analyze the illustrated bridge examples throughout this book.

We intend to show the principle rather than the capability of each program, so limited details on the data input and the code specifications are provided.  The  distinctive  features  are  the  presentation  of  a  wide  range of bridge structural types that are yet fairly code-independent. With this intent, this book is aimed toward students, especially at the master of science (MSc) level, and practicing professionals at bridge design offices and bridge design authorities worldwide.

This book is divided into three parts: Part I covers the general aspects of bridges, Part II covers bridge behavior and modeling of all types of bridges, and Part III covers special topics of bridges. In Part I, Chapter 1 provides an introduction and Chapter 2 covers the methods of computational analysis and design suitable for bridge structures.

 These methods vary from approximate  to  refined  analyses  depending  on  the  size,  complexity,  and importance  of  the  bridge.  With  rapidly  improving  computer  technology, the more refined and complex methods of analyses are becoming more and more commonplace.

 Chapter 3 provides the background and approaches of numerical methods specifically for bridges. The scope of Part II is to provide information on the methods of analysis and the modeling technique suitable for the design and evaluation of various types of bridges.

 Chapters include illustrated examples of bridges all over the world, especially in the United States and People’s Republic of China. We started from deck-type, especially beam-type, bridges. Chapters 4  through  6  discuss  concrete  bridges.  Chapters  7  and  8  examine  steel bridges. 

The remaining four chapters, 9 through 12, discuss arch bridges, truss bridges, cable-stayed bridges, and suspension bridges, respectively, of which, except for truss bridges, which are mostly built in steel, the other three bridge types can be built in either concrete or steel.

 In Part III, for the purpose of analysis, several special topics, such as strut-and-tie modeling (Chapter 13), stability analysis (Chapter 14), redundancy  analysis  (Chapter  15),  integral  bridges  (Chapter  16),  dynamic/ earthquake analysis (Chapter 17), and bridge geometry (Chapter 18), are covered to complete the book. In this part, models may include super- and substructures. Some may even need the 3D finite element method of nonlinear analysis.

 The major issues of recent developments in bridge technology are also discussed in those chapters. The focus is mainly on highway bridges, although some information is also provided for railway bridges.

 Overall, this book demonstrates how bridge structures can be analyzed using  relatively  simple  or  more  sophisticated  mathematical  models  with the  physical  meanings  behind  the  modeling,  so  that  engineers  can  gain confidence with their modeling techniques, even for a complicated bridge structure.