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PREFACE:

Automotive’s Professional Technician Series, the third edition of Automotive Fuel and Emissions Control Systemsrepresents the future of automotive textbooks. The series is a full-color, media-integrated solution for today’s students and instructors.

 The series includes textbooks that cover all 8 areas of ASE certification, plus additional titles covering common courses. Current revisions are written by a team of very experienced writers and teachers. The series is also peer reviewed for technical accuracy.

Working on a vehicle can result in personal injury, including the possibility of being cut or hurt enough to cause bleeding. Some infections, such as hepatitis B, HIV (which can cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or AIDS), hepatitis C virus, and others, are transmitted in the blood. These infections are commonly called blood-borne pathogens. Report any injury that involves blood to your supervisor and take the necessary precautions to avoid coming in contact with blood from another person.

If used oil is dumped down the drain and enters a sewage treatment plant, concentrations as small as 50 to 100 ppm (parts per million) in the waste water can foul sewage treatment processes. Never mix a listed hazardous waste, gasoline, waste water, halogenated solvent, antifreeze, or an unknown waste material with used oil. Adding any of these substances will cause the used oil to become contaminated, which classifies it as hazardous waste.

The major sources of chemical danger are liquid and aerosol brake cleaning fluids that contain chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents. Several other chemicals that do not deplete the ozone, such as heptane, hexane, and xylene, are now being used in nonchlorinated brake cleaning solvents. 

Some manufacturers are also producing solvents they describe as environmentally responsible, which are biodegradable and noncarcinogenic (noncancer causing). There is no specific standard for physical contact with chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents or the chemicals replacing them. All contact should be avoided whenever possible. The law requires an employer to provide appropriate protective equipment and ensure proper work practices by an employee handling these chemicals.

bout 70 million spent lead-acid batteries are generated each year in the United States alone. Lead is classified as a toxic metal and the acid used in lead-acid batteries is highly corrosive. The vast majority (95% to 98%) of these batteries are recycled through lead reclamation operations and secondary lead smelters for use in the manufacture of new batteries.

Oxygenated fuels contain oxygen in the molecule of the fuel itself. Examples of oxygenated fuels include methanol, ethanol, methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), tertiary-amyl methyl ether (TAME), and ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE). Oxygenated fuels are commonly used in high-altitude areas to reduce carbon monoxide (CO) emissions.

 The extra oxygen in the fuel itself is used to convert harmful CO into carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). The extra oxygen in the fuel helps ensure that there is enough oxygen to convert all CO into CO 2 during the combustion process in the engine or catalytic converter.