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PREFACE:

What are the necessary requirements to move from a piping or pipeline system idea to its completion? The basic premise of this book is that at the heart of those requirements are a series of calculations, which cover a wide range of subjects. In any pipeline system, the core of the system itself is the piping, which is its skeleton. 

However, as with any skeleton, there must be other elements to include before the system can become the final entity that was the original idea. Pipe is basically a transport structure. To determine what that structure requires would involve what it is intended to transport. While it is important to have knowledge of how the medium to be transported is generated, this book does not address that area.

 Generation of that comes from another field of expertise. A pipe system has a beginning, an ending, and a path between the two points. 

 To  transport  the  medium—liquid  or  gas—some  definition  of temperatures, pressures, amount to be transported per unit of time, and the energy required to accomplish the transport need to be, at least partially, established. 

Many of these will be considered as a given in this book and  the  methods  of  calculating  the  other  elements  are  discussed  and explained. The base codes for the design of a new system, and the ones used in this book as the reference source, are the B31 piping codes of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). The B31 piping codes consist of several sections or books that describe the requirements for systems of a specific  type. 

 These  can  readily  be  broken  into  the  two  basic  types—a piping system and a pipeline system. 

The differences between the two are that a piping system can be generically defined as being inside a localized area to connect various vessels that are for reaction and/or storage. A pipeline system is more like a pure transport medium between two geographical positions. 

Within both are elements of the other. There are many pipelines within a plant or localized area, and along the pipelines between distant points are stations that have piping systems necessary for some pipeline element such as a compressor station.

For these reasons, the various sections or books of the B31 codes allow piping  system  owners  to  determine  which  code  would  apply  to  their particular project. In making this decision the owners are also advised to take into account which code the jurisdiction(s) for their projects might consider applicable.

 All system requirements basically set standards of calculation to establish  a  safe  end  result.  Those  qualification  standards  are  outlined  with specific  calculation  procedures  in  the  codes.  Some  things  are  required to be taken into account without details of how to consider them. Some calculations require base calculations to arrive at the point where the code calculation can be used. In this book, we address many of the grayer areas. As one goes through the steps of meeting the requirements of particular codes, he or she will also find many other standards included by reference.

 This is a practical way for the codes to cover many common elements in the design and construction of a system. Any calculations required for the component that are covered by the referenced standard need not be outlined in the code. 

The use of that component needs no further proof of compliance with the code than its compliance with the standard. Since different  standards  provide  different  methods  of  providing  the  calculations, those differences are also addressed. The B31 piping codes are primarily construction codes for new facilities.  They  can  be  used  successfully  in  replacing  or  extending  a  piping facility.

 With few exceptions, notably the pipeline sections, there are no maintenance and ongoing requirements. The pipeline sections have relatively extensive detailed requirements for continuous maintenance.

 There is  a  growing  set  of  postconstruction  requirements,  some  of  which  are published, that give methodologies for repairing and assessing the need for repairs. Some small offerings detail the methodology for certain more complex areas of analysis, and these are discussed in this book. It should be noted that some of the calculations provided are not necessarily required by the codes. 

However, one must really understand those calculations to have the depth of understanding needed to do a good job when performing the calculations required. Part I of this book provides an overview of the codes and standards, including what they are and what they aren’t. It provides a detailed discussion of the “metric problem.” Chapter 3 discusses piping materials, as well as other materials, that might be required to complete a system. Part  II  covers  some  specific  calculations  and  their  formulas  and  has examples of how to do such calculations. 

The Appendix contains a set of charts, graphs, and other helpful tables and  guides  that  should  make  doing  some  of  the  calculations  easier  or faster. In this computer/calculator age, some tables and graphs are still a good way to look at alternative solutions to a problem before going into an in-depth mathematical analysis.