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PREFACE:
This book is a comprehensive discussion and economic analysis of large-scale solar power systems, specifically referencing critical issues related to design construction and financing. The book provides practical design, installation, and financing guidelines for large-scale commercial and industrial solar power projects.
Engineering design and construction methodologies as well as economic analysis provide a step-by-step walk-through of all aspects of solar power systems. Design methodologies outline the specific requirements of solar and electrical design and construction documentation in meticulous detail, which can readily be applied to ground mount, roof mount, building integrated (BIPV), and carport-type solar power projects. In view of the importance of solar power systems as a viable present and future energy resource, the book includes a dedicated chapter on smart grid transmission and large-scale energy storage systems.
Ever since the Industrial Revolution, human activities have constantly changed the natural composition of Earth’s atmosphere. Concentrations of trace atmospheric gases, nowadays termed “greenhouse gases,” are increasing at an alarming rate. There is conclusive evidence that the consumption of fossil fuels, the conversion of forests to agricultural land, and the emission of industrial chemicals are the principal contributing factors to air pollution.
According to the National Academy of Sciences, the Earth’s surface temperature has risen by about 1 degree Fahrenheit in the past century, with accelerated warming occurring in the past three decades.
According to statistical reviews of the atmospheric and climatic records there is substantial evidence that global warming over the past 50 years is directly attributable to human activities. Under normal atmospheric conditions, energy from the Sun controls the Earth’s weather and climate patterns. Heating of the Earth’s surface resulting from the Sun radiates energy back into space. Atmospheric greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH 4), nitrous oxide (N 2O), troposphere ozone (O3 ), and water vapor (H2 O), trap some of this outgoing energy, retaining it in the form of heat, somewhat like a glass dome.
This process is referred to as the GREENHOUSE EFFECT. Without the Greenhouse Effect, the Earth’s surface temperature would be roughly 30 degrees Celsius (54 degrees Fahrenheit) cooler than it is today – too cold to support life. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is dependent on a reduction in the amount of fossil fuel–fired energy that we produce and consume. Fossil fuels include coal, petroleum, and natural gas, all of which are used to fuel electric power generation and transportation.
Substantial increases in the use of nonrenewable fuels have been a principal factor in the rapid increase in global greenhouse gas emissions. The use of renewable fuels can be extended to power industrial, commercial, residential, and transportation applications to reduce air pollution substantially.
Examples of zero-emission renewable fuels include solar, wind, geothermal, and renewably powered fuel cells. These fuel types, in conjunction with advances in energy-efficient equipment design and sophisticated energy management techniques, can reduce the risk of climate change and the resulting harmful effects on ecosystems. It should be kept in mind that natural greenhouse gases are a necessary.
part of sustaining life on Earth. It is the anthropogenic, or human-caused, increase in greenhouse gases that is of concern to the international scientific community and governments around the world. Since the beginning of the modern Industrial Revolution, atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide have increased nearly 30%, methane concentrations have more than doubled, and nitrous oxide concentrations have risen by about 15%.
These increases in greenhouse gas emissions have enhanced the heat-trapping capability of Earth’s atmosphere. Fossil fuels that are burned to operate electric power plants, run cars and trucks, and heat homes and businesses are responsible for about 98% of U.S. carbon dioxide emissions, 24% of U.S. methane emissions, and 18% of U.S. nitrous oxide emissions. Increased deforestation, landfills, large agricultural production, industrial production, and mining also contribute a significant share of emissions.
In 2000, the United States produced about 25% of total global greenhouse gas emissions, the largest contribution by any country in the world. Estimating future emissions depends on demographic, economic, technological, policy, and institutional developments. Several emissions scenarios based on differing projections of these underlying factors have been developed.
It is estimated that by the year 2100, in the absence of emission control policies, carbon dioxide concentrations will be about 30–150% higher than they are today
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